Curriculum Vitae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educational plan Vitae - Essay Example You ought to have strong system and Server bolster aptitudes prevalently in the 2k/2k3 field. You ought to head towards the MCSA/MCSE or if nothing else have the significant degree of expertise to complete every day obligations (The capability itself isn't vital in spite of the fact that would be valuable). You will likewise require solid abilities in systems administration conventions, Citrix, Active Directory and Exchange 2000/2003. On the off chance that you have understanding of against infection/byware/reinforcement (Veritas) and/or Cisco Routers and Switches it is invaluable to your application. You will be a dedicated, have an enthusiasm to succeed and a complete it disposition. This position will help build up your ranges of abilities and advance your profession in the long haul as the firm is a settled, monetarily effective undertaking. Send me your CV now. Save Time Interests: My most loved past time would be sports especially watching Football. I appreciate staying in shape and am a standard guest at my neighborhood exercise center. I additionally attempt to travel be that as it may; I have just had the chance to visit the Asian sub-landmass and North America so far. I am a legit, reliable, dedicated person who can adjust to any condition and procure the aptitudes important to guarantee this. A dependable individual with the capacity to take part in detail arranging and have great hierarchical aptitudes.

Personal Statement Nonverbal Communication Essay Example For Students

Individual Statement : Nonverbal Communication Essay Nonverbal Communication People have the weirdest outward appearance or utilize odd motions while they’re talking now and again. It makes you wonder why they are moving the manner in which they are or what is experiencing their brain to put that look all over. Understanding others messages and signals just as conveying your own messages and signals is nonverbal correspondence. In the book Communication in Everyday Life Steve Duck and David T. McMahan characterize nonverbal correspondence as â€Å"any emblematic action that imparts a message other than words. † 1* We can’t help yet to think about what representative exercises mean and what messages you are conveying nonverbally also. We will first we return to where we took in these various exercises and approaches to convey without words; which returns to whoever raised us. Growing up for me was with my mom and father and my sister who was five years more seasoned than me, so in addition to the fact that I learned from my folks I took in a great deal from my sister also. With regards to my folks, my mom has all the outward appearances and not the same number of physical signals or developments in her nonverbal correspondence. The motion I recall generally growing up was her folding her arms, she utilized this as a â€Å"wall† or a sign saying she was cutting off herself or didn’t need to be annoyed. In any case, my dad is the inverse; he will be increasingly dynamic with what he is stating and give numerous signals and developments rather than outward appearanc es. He is additionally a genuine case of how much verbal and nonverbal correspondence interconnect; which the two interconnect from multiple points of view. In my father’s model he rehashes his verbal correspondence with his nonverbal correspondence as the two compare with one another 2*. For a superior model, when he . .es that you need to make sense of on the off chance that somebody is lying or being straightforward, are the cheerful or pitiful, or what is new with them when all is said in done that the individual isn’t letting you know verbally. Nonverbal openness is of the utmost importance in these circumstances on the grounds that multiple occasions it can give you more data than somebody is eager to give you verbally. However, you need to realize how to comprehend the nonverbal messages being spoken with you. Signals, outward appearances, manner of speaking, and so forth would all be able to assist you with making sense of various touchy triggers that individuals have and what makes them apprehensive, cheerful, or upset. This correspondence can offer you responses that you’re searching for however the individual speaking with you isn’t really giving you the data straight up, or it can assist you with knowing what course you have to go with the discussion to find the solutions and data you are searching for.

Essay on Unemployment in Dubai

Essay on Unemployment in Dubai Unemployment in Dubai Dec 20, 2018 in Economics Introduction Unemployment is a major social and economic problem which is affecting both the developing and developed countries. Having information about the employment and unemployment rates of a country helps a lot in putting in place methods and policies which help sustain the economy by curbing the rate of employment. The economy of the United Arab Emirates is mainly sustained by oil, and most of the employment opportunities are found in the oil industry and related sectors such as finance and infrastructure (Muwia, 2004). Unemployment rate is defined as the number of people who are able and willing to work, but cannot find job opportunities, divided by the number of families in that selected region. Employment, on the other hand, is defined as the number of people who are actively employed.

Lee Iacocc An American Business Leader - 1540 Words

Abstract Lee Iacocca is a businessman in the American automobile industry. He progressed up the ranks at Ford Motor Company to ultimately become its president in 1970. He is credited with such automotive hits as the Mustang and the Lincoln Mark III. He was fired by Henry Ford in 1978 due to personal differences. Chrysler Corporation was in a state of near bankruptcy in 1979 and called upon the leadership and expertise of Lee Iacocca to help save the company. Through his toughness and perseverance, he saves the Chrysler Corporation and in the process, millions of American jobs. Brian Watkins Alyssa Foskey MGMT 1115 March 29, 2015 Iacocca: An American Business Leader Lee Iacocca was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, on October 15, 1924. His parents immigrated to America from Italy in the early 1900’s in search of the American dream. Lee’s father was a businessman with interests in restaurants, theaters, and a car rental agency. The car rental business is what sparked Lee’s interest in the automobile business. Lee did well in high school and was elected president of his class in the ninth grade. After the election, he failed to stay in touch with his constituency and lost the election in the second semester. He had forgotten the importance of shaking hands and being friendly. It was one of his first lessons on leadership. Lee graduated twelfth in his high school class of over nine hundred and set his sights on pursuing engineering in college. Lee applied, and was

A Psychology Participant Pool Questionnaire - 1006 Words

Methods The participants in the study were racial minority undergraduates screened through a psychology participant pool questionnaire, Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9). 100 racial minority undergraduates with elevated depression were pulled from the questionnaire. Among the 100 participants, there was 45% male and 55% female with the average age being around 19. The college undergraduates ranged from freshman to seniors with, 67% freshman, 20% Sophomores, 10% Juniors, and 3% Seniors. Among the college students, the majority were African-American at 85%, Asian 10%, and the rest 5%. If you notice the majority totals for the subcategories of the population, there was an elevated depression between African American Freshman Females. The results of the sample taken were measured based upon the PHQ-9 which screens and measures the severity of depression. There are 10 questions, that rate the frequency of the depression symptoms a person may have and gives the severity of the diagnoses overall. It is used with clinical psychology practices to understand how serious depression symptoms are, and then during treatment to understand if the methods being used are improving or worsening. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index(ASI-3) is an 18 number questionnaire used by psychologist to understand the level of anxiety sensitivity, and how to lower the rate in the individual. It is designed to improve depression and anxiety sensitivity correlated areas of the physical, cognition, andShow MoreRelatedThomas J. Dodd Research Study Sample746 Words   |  3 Pagesundergraduate and graduate students from psychology and sociology classes at the University of Connecticut are recruited to participate in a self-report survey. A random sampl e of 240 students will be acquired, 120 males and 120 females. These students will range from different races, ethnicities, and socio-economic background. The participants will first be clustered based on gender, then subcategorized by social class, race, and where these participants originally reside. The clusters will allowRead MoreSona Research Proposal Paper1228 Words   |  5 PagesProposed Methods Participants Approximately 168 participants, self-identifying female students from the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario will partake in this study. The participants will either volunteer to participate with the chance to win one $50 Stone road Mall gift card or to obtain credit towards their first-year psychology course. 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Hofstee and his fellow researchers sought to create items for personality based â€Å"on short, concrete behavioral phrases [which] would be less subject to idiosyncratic interpretation than ratings on relatively abstract trait adjectives† (International Personality Item Pool, n.d.). In threeRead MoreResearch Study On Video Games Essay779 Words   |  4 PagesA. SeX-Box: Exposure to Sexist Video Games Predicts Benevolent Sexism B. S. Paul Stermer and Melissa Burkley, Oklahoma State University C. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2015, Volume 4, No. 1, 47-55 D. This research study sought to determine if choosing to play video games for long periods of time that contained high values of sexist content is associated with projecting sexist attitudes. 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Subjects: The subjects consisted of 109 female undergraduate students who were recruited from the psychology department participant pool. Women were between 18 and 46 years of age, with a mean age of 22.6 years. Participants were split between grade level with 6.4% freshman, 18.3% sophomores, 37.6% juniors, and 36.7% seniors. In terms of ethnicity the women were 54% European American, 19% Latina, 21% AfricanRead MoreThe Effects Of Facebook s Mood And Body Image Perception Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesbody image concerns. Methods and procedures used by authors Conducted in United Kingdom, participants were recruited for a study on â€Å"Media Use and Memory† through the university psychology student participant pool and given course credit for their participation.† It involved 112 female students and staff members aged between 17 and 25 years old. Participants average body mass index was 23.40. Among participants, 84 of them identified as white, 11 as Asian, 8 as black, 4 as mixed race, and 4 as â€Å"other†Read MoreIdentity and the Way Individuals Shape Their Identities for Themselves1341 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity and the Way Individuals Shape Their Identities for Themselves One of the central issues of psychology is identity and the way individuals shape their identities for themselves. People live in different regions all around the globe and are consequently exposed to a distinct type of culture, religion, education, family values and media. These influences instill certain rigid values in people from birth, which configures their self-concept and the way they perceive other individuals

Evolution of the Immune System Free Essays

John Frelinger Dr. Travis Organic Evolution 30 April 2012 Evolution of the Immune System Animals are constantly bombarded by an immensely varied array of disease causing pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses and other parasites. The number of microbes living in the human body outnumber the actual human cells by a factor of 10, and for every single species of animal and plant on Earth, there are viruses that infect them. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of the Immune System or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the unrelenting threat of disease-causing pathogens all around us, and even within us, how can the constantly vulnerable organisms defend themselves? Evolution has provided an answer to this problem—the immune system. The immune system is a vastly complex orchestra of cells working together to help eliminate potentially harmful pathogens from the body. Some form of host defense is found in every multicellular organism, however there are myriad variations in the immune systems of different organisms. Vertebrates have evolved an acquired immune response, in which a specific immune system is activated to clear an infection that is initially controlled by a non-specific (innate) immune response. This highly adaptable system is important to the survival of vertebrate species. Surprisingly, however, 90% of animals (invertebrates) do not have this kind of response. Despite lacking a seemingly critical adaptation, invertebrates continue to survive and reproduce. Why does it appear necessary for vertebrates to have an acquired response in order to survive, but the more numerous invertebrate species do not? Research indicates that there is an evolutionary lineage of the immune system that stems from the split of invertebrates and vertebrates. Innate immunity, which is found in all animals, is assumed to be at the beginning of this evolutionary tree. After the diversification of species (vertebrates branching from invertebrates), mechanisms of immunity also diverged. In this paper I will first discuss the function of the innate immune system because of its older evolutionary history, followed by the adaptive immune response that evolved later in vertebrate lineages. I will then conclude by placing the development of the innate and adaptive immune system in an evolutionary context. Innate immunity is the first line of defense for an organism and is made up of elements that protect the organism from pathogens. Anatomical aspects such as skin act as an impermeable barrier to infectious pathogens. Chemical and biological factors, including anti-microbial peptides like defensins, are also used to inhibit bacterial growth and prevent colonization. Another immunological factor of the innate immune system are phagocytic cells (macrophages), which are cells that engulf and eliminate foreign pathogens. These cells operate using a variety of different and generalized receptors that recognize a broad range of molecular patterns expressed by pathogens that initiate phagocytosis. One such family of receptors, known as Toll-like Receptors, recognizes common pathogen elements such as bacterial wall components or viral DNA sequences. This component is found in virtually every multicellular organism, ranging from sponges to humans (Muller and Muller 2003). Plants also express proteins that are very similar to toll-like receptors, indicating that this aspect of the innate immune system predates the divergence of plants and animals. The innate immune system is so valuable to an organism’s survival because it is always present and in many instances can prevent pathogen entry or replication. This, in turn, prevents a harmful infection from ever occurring inside the host. Although invertebrates do not have the acquired immune response, recent research has shown that their innate response is more complex than previously thought. Insects can activate their immune systems to remain in a higher state in order to prepare for a pathogen invasion. During bedbug mating, females are frequently injured in the process because males will stab a female to inject his sperm, infecting her with bacteria and exposing her to other potential infections. In response, females have evolved ways to enhance their immune system prior to mating in anticipation of pathogen invasion (Morrow and Arnqvist 2003). Bumblebees are capable of maintaining a heightened immune system in response to a prior pathogen invasion to aid in the prevention of future infections. Immunity such as this has been shown to pass down vertically to offspring, therefore increasing their fitness (Tyler et al. 006). Slugs have also evolved an interesting alternative response in the form of increased mutation rates of certain immune cell receptors, which allows their immune system to adapt to many foreign elements (Litman and Cooper 2007). While it is inherently different from the acquired immune response, this sensitive management of immune function was previously thought to be reserved as a characteristic of vertebrates and the adaptive immune response. As vertebrates began to diverge and evolve from invertebrates, so too did the immune system. The new adaptive branch of the immune system originally conferred a new selective advantage for vertebrates because of its specificity and immense flexibility in recognizing new pathogens. The clonal selection theory, in which each lymphocyte clonally expresses a specific antigen receptor, can help explain how the immune system can express an extremely wide range of potential receptors capable of recognizing new pathogens. Lymphocytes are undifferentiated cells that ultimately become B-cells (Bone Marrow) or T-cells (Thymus) depending on where they migrate. B-cells possess a uniquely structured immunoglobulin molecule (antibodies exposed on outer surface) that recognizes and binds to a specific molecular counterpart. When a foreign antigen is bound to the antibody, it stimulates the replication of that specific B-cell with the aid of Helper T-cells, which enhance B-cell maturation. This process results in the clonal expansion of cells that recognize the original antigen and subsequent production of antibodies that help in the eradication of the pathogen. An important point of this process is that the pathogens select which lymphocytes expand. It also results in memory B-cells and T-cells that constitute a persistent immune memory for a particular antigen. This expanded pool of memory cells is activated upon a second exposure to the same pathogen, resulting in a much more rapid immune response to clear infection. Other types of T-cells are also produced during this process. For example, cytotoxic T-cells target and kill virally infected cells, while suppressor or regulatory T-cells are activated when the infectious pathogens are eliminated and signal the immune system to subside. Cells such as these also experience selective pressures–ones that react to self-tissue (and harm the host) would be selected against, while those that recognize pathogens would survive and replicate. The clonal selection theory addresses many aspects of vertebrate immunity, however, it does not explain all of the mysteries behind the variety of antibody generation. The sheer number of antibodies that can be produced and the finding that the acquired immune response can generate antibodies to manmade molecules that are not present in nature led scientists to explore how such diversity is generated. Research done by Susumu Tonegawa in the 1970’s indicated that B-cells have the ability to produce a huge number of antibodies due to a gene rearrangement process. B cells originally have many sets of gene segments (Variable, Diverse, and Joining) and over the course of its maturation reduce these segments to one of each type for the production of the antibody heavy chain. A similar process of gene rearrangement is involved for the production of the antibody light chain. The light chain and heavy chain proteins then assemble to form the complete antibody molecule that can specifically bind to an antigen. Two genes that are critical for this process to work are RAG1 and RAG2. These genes are known as recombination-activating genes and distinguish the vertebrate immune system from other lineages. These genes are critical to the process because they act as the excision and joining molecules that cut and knit back together the individual VDJ segments that make up the antibody. This results in the huge potential of diverse antibodies that can be produced—hundreds of millions of possible antibody types generated from a much smaller number of gene segments that can react with virtually any antigen. This sophisticated process may have originally been introduced by a mobile genetic element known as transposons. These transposable elements have the ability to excise themselves from one DNA sequence and incorporate themselves into another, very similar to the RAG1 and RAG2 gene functions. After the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates, a viral infection of the jawed lineage’s gametes may have introduced a transposon into their genome. (Thompson 1995). This may have provided the raw materials necessary to facilitate the development of adaptive immunity. The acquired response appears to have evolved from a single lineage because all vertebrates (excluding jawless fish) retain this RAG-mediated gene rearrangement system. The specificity of this kind of response may have been selected for because of its ability to recognize a diverse number of pathogens, but also because it could conserve more energy resources compared to the generalized defense of the innate response. The adaptive immune response is structured in such a way that it can respond to an almost infinite number of pathogens, while utilizing a relatively limited number of genes. Figure 1 illustrates a potential phylogeny based on some immune system adaptations previously discussed. Figure 1 (Reproduced from Litman and Cooper 2007). Although the vertebrate immune system is extremely adaptable to many potential threats, it is far from perfect. Epidemics such as the Bubonic Plague or the 1918 influenza killed millions of people. Similarly, when the Spanish colonized the New World, they also introduced pathogens that were devastating to the indigenous people. One of the major limitations of the acquired immune response is that it takes a relatively long time to respond after the initial exposure in order to be effective. This time is required because the lymphocytes must clonally expand before a pathogen can be eliminated. For example, in the case of the Native Americans, when they were exposed to the new pathogens, the infections spread to a portion of the population that was large enough to leave them unable to forage for food or to tend to the sick. As a result, it nearly wiped out the entire civilization. This limitation is significant as illustrated by these and many other historical epidemics. These difficulties have led scientists to think more fully about the effectiveness of the vertebrate immune system. If the immune system has the potential to combat virtually any conceivable threat, why then can’t it always eliminate any potentially harmful pathogen? We also look to immune hypersensitivity and autoimmunity as potential drawbacks of the immune system, indicating further imperfections of the adaptation. When the immune system mistakenly targets self-tissue, it results in serious consequences for the organism. Concepts in evolutionary biology might help address these issues. In this context the immune system does not have to be inherently perfect by design because only some individuals of a population need to survive and reproduce for that lineage to continue. The variation introduced by the immune system generates the diversity necessary for a population to adapt to changing environmental pressures. As others have suggested, a zebra doesn’t have to outrun the lion, just the slowest member of the herd (Hedrick 2004). The immune system is subjected to the same constraints as other characteristics in regards to natural selection. In this case even if a trait is not optimal, but helps the organism survive and reproduce, it will be selected for, regardless of any deleterious effects experienced post-reproduction. Many, but not all immunologists, believe the development of the adaptive immune system with gene rearrangement was a critical advance. It has been proposed that the development of the adaptive immune system was the â€Å"Big Bang† for the evolution of immune system (Travis 2009). This development might have also enabled the rapid expansion of vertebrates. Moreover, the idea that the adaptive immune system can generate receptors for molecules that are not yet present, makes it extremely flexible and has been called â€Å"forward thinking† (Travis 2009). Thus, while the immune system does not anticipate every change in organisms it is ready for them by constructing a large repertoire of antigen specific receptors, which confers a big selective advantage. Others have suggested the adaptive immune system conserves resources, and thus is better than the innate system. In contrast, as noted earlier, invertebrates lack a fully functional adaptive immune system and are very successful. Moreover, others have argued that even if the immune system was an advantage, it was only temporary and short lived (Hedrick 2004). Another relevant issue deals with the concept of parasite and host co-evolution. This constant struggle is exemplified by a quote from Lewis Carroll’s â€Å"Through the Looking Glass†, â€Å"it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place†. This concept, originally introduced by Leigh Van Valen, has been termed the Red Queen hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, an improvement in fitness for one species will lead to a selective advantage for that species. However, since species are often coevolving with one another, improvement in one species implies that it gains a competitive advantage over the other species, and thus has the potential to outcompete for shared resources. This means that fitness increase in one evolutionary system will tend to lead to fitness decrease in another system. The only way that a competing species can maintain its relative fitness is to improve on its own design. Although this theory was used to help explain the extinction of species and the evolution of sexual reproduction, it has been applied to many aspects of predator prey relationships including the development of the immune system. Because animals are constantly attacked by fast-adapting parasites, the host immune system cannot possibly gain an advantage over them. The evolution of the immune system is caused by the small advantages conferred as a result of variation in the recognition of pathogens. As suggested by Steven Hedrick, â€Å"by selecting for more elusive parasites, the immune system is ultimately the cause of its own necessity† (Hedrick 2004). Thus paradoxically, the immune system, since it places a strong selective pressure on pathogens and parasites, ultimately has become essential for vertebrates to survive. By placing selective pressure on parasites that can evolve much more rapidly than animals (due to their higher reproductive/mutation rate), it results in parasites that are increasingly more effective at infecting hosts of that species. In terms of the immune system, one strategy that parasites have developed is a means of altering their own antigens to become unrecognizable. In this way they escape the adaptive immune system by altering their structure. For example, trypanosomes can switch the major target antigen for antibodies, which they use as a strategy to extend the amount of time they reside in the host. This results in a more contagious host that will increase the spread of pathogens to new hosts (Stockdale et al. 2008). Similarly, because the HIV polymerase is very error prone with no proof reading mechanism, many mutations arise in the HIV proteins during its infection. While the adaptive immune system can make neutralizing antibodies, new variants arise that can no longer be recognized by the antibodies. These new variants have a selective advantage and escape, and thus the adaptive immune system  is always lagging behind. In terms of the host immune response, there is also an extremely high level  of polymorphism of major histocompatibility genes, which enable the population to respond to a wider array of antigens using T-cells. The benefit of this heterozygosity is that it allows the individual to respond to a wider variety of antigens. Moreover this diversity helps ensure that even though some individuals may perish, the particular pathogen will not be able to eliminate the entire population. Some infectious agents have even taken it a step further and evolved ways to utilize the host immune system to increase their own fitness. For example, infections that result in pus filled cysts can be used to carry parasitic progeny and spread to new hosts when they burst. Even though this may help the host clear an infection, the pathogen can use this to increase its own fitness and infect more individuals. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) utilizes the host immune system by initially infecting macrophages, and subsequently T-cells, which the virus uses as a reservoir for reproduction and as a means to spread to many different tissues in the body (Orenstein 2001). It also serves the virus to target immune cells for infection because crippling the host immune response akes it easier for the virus to spread throughout the body and eventually to new hosts (due to the higher viral load). In this light, it is possible that invertebrates did not evolve the adaptive immune response because they may have never needed it. By lacking the ability to develop a â€Å"memory† for a particular pathogen, those pathogens did not evolve anti-immune mechanisms to counter the host immune response. An immune memory could lead to more devious pathogens and resu lt in a more harmful infection in the future. This could have been a better strategy for invertebrates as it may have prevented the co-evolution of more virulent pathogens (Hedrick 2004). The immune system has a long evolutionary history in multicellular organisms. The innate immune system is a critical adaptation that helped these organisms survive the onslaught of parasites and pathogens. Vertebrates possess an adaptive immune response that allowed for the recognition of an almost infinite number of pathogenic antigens, however, it appears to have become a one-way road with the coevolution of pathogens. Once this adaptive system appeared in the vertebrate lineage, there was no going back. Because of the immense flexibility of the adaptive immune response, it places huge selective pressures on pathogens to constantly evolve new mechanisms of infecting hosts. Thus in the context of evolution, even with the incredible versatility of the adaptive immune system, it is likely there can not be an ultimate solution to infection by parasites only a new, perhaps unstable, equilibrium. Works Cited Hedrick, S. (2004). The Acquired Immune System: A Vantage from Beneath. Immunity 21, 607-615. Litman, G. and Cooper, M. (2007). Why Study the Evolution of Immunity? Nature Immunology 8, 547-548. Morrow, E. H. , and Arnqvist, G. (2003). Costly traumatic insemination and a female counter-adaptation in bed bugs. Proceedings of the Royal SocietyB: Biological Sciences. 270: 2377–2381 Muller, W. and Muller, I. (2003). Origin of the Metazoan Immune System: Identification of the Molecules and Their Functions in Sponge. Integrative and Comparative Biology 43, 281-292. Orenstein, J. (2001). The Macrophage in HIV Infection. Immunobiol. 204, 598- 602. Stockdale, C. , Swiderski, M. , Barry D. , and Richard McCulloch (2008). Antigenic Variation in Trypanosoma brucei: Joining the DOTs. PLoS Biol 6. Thompson, C. B. (1995). New insights into V(D)J recombination and its role in the evolution of the immune system. Immunity 3, 531–539. Travis, John. (2009). â€Å"On the Origin of the Immune System†. Sciencemag Vol. 329. Tyler, E. , Adams, S. , and Mallon, E. (2006), An Immune Response in the Bumblebee,Bombus terrestris leads to increased food consumption. BMC Physiology 6. How to cite Evolution of the Immune System, Papers

The Impact of Financial Crisis 2007

Question: Describe about the impact of financial crisis 2007 on the financial management of health care industries? Answer: The financial conditions of the health care industries on the year of 2007: The financial condition of 2007, also called as the global economical crisis and 2007 economical crisis, this is measured by the economists to have been the most horrible economical crisis after the recession in the year of 1930. According to Warren,(2015) after the great depression of the global economy on the year of 1930 the world was experiencing the recession again. This recession impacted greatly on the finance condition of the hospitals greatly. More than a 50% of health financing drive the millions of people into the poverty. Major decrease in finance is due to the less hospitals are for the patients and decrease in the insurance policy for the employees and the unemployment of the people. This exposed the fall down of large health care organizations, and the stock market was still dropped worldwide. The financial crisis begins in the August 2007 in health care industries. There was a significant slowdown in health cost was an outcome of wider financial factors in this year o f 2007 (John, 2013). The structural changes in the health care system that had lead to slower growth as well. The main root of the crisis has started from the year of 2000 as stated by Tuffs, 2007. The inflation starts to increase despite the effort from the regulatory authorities and the central banks. The prices begin to fall and the loans started to be bad (Vithessonthi Tongurai, 2015). There was a severe sock in the finance of the health care industries. There are some cases of financial fraud had noticed in the year 2007. The most of the financial fraud has been done because some dishonest health cares providers. The most common types of fraud includes the billing for the health care services that never rendered, billing for most costly services, Wrongly diagnose patients for tests, surgeries etc. Also this includes accepting kickbacks for patient referrals. This had main insinuations for strategy, as health expenditure growth is a key driver of federal and state financial pla n throughout the Medicare plan. The financial impact of the ailment related malnutrition at the hospital admission had been noted. The frequency of the disease related mal nutrition for the patients admission to the hospitals had been calculated to be very high. The changes in the economy had impacted greatly in the development of the hospitals. The financial conditions of the health care industries on the year of 2012: The health care industries were going through recession since the year 2007 to 2011. As per Sheel, (2008) the global economy was also under a high decline. The decrease in the global finance impacted greatly to the development and financial structure of the hospitals. After the year 2011 and in the year of 2012 the global economy was increasing slowly that also resulted in the increase in the financial condition of the hospitals. Between the years 2007 to 2011 the financial condition of the healthcare industries considerably low due to sluggish economic recovery and continual increase in the price of the price sharing devices for privately insured, slow growth of the people programs. The above factors go ahead to projected expansion rates of close to 4percent throughout 2012. Over the year of 2012 period, national health spending is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 5.8percent. There was noticed a slowdown in the health spending due to the recession in the years 2007 to 2012 that had been noticed to be slightly increased in the year 2012. As a result of the slowdown there was a decline in the growth of the hospitals. There was a strong statically connection between recession and national health care spending noted in this year 2012 (Shortt, 2014). The outcome of financial activity on the health price and consumption is measured and extremely lagged. The health spending growth charge in progress to drop earlier than the vast recession but there was a remarkable progress in the health spending and financial condition of the hospitals. The key management shifts between the year 2007 to 2012: The key financial management shifts were there was a low rise in the financial condition of the healthcare industries as compared to the year of 2007 (Krueger Kuziemko, 2013). It has been noticed by the researchers that there was a steady increase in the health care spending since the year of 1930 although the rate of increase is very slow between the years 2007 to 2011. In the instant consequences of the economical crisis palliative economic and monetary plans were accepted to weaken the distress to the financial condition (NPR.org, 2007). It had been observed that the slowdown in the economy of the hospitals had been due to the extensive failures in the regulation of the hospital finances that also includes the Federal Reserves breakdown to stalk the wave of deadly mortgages. Roehrig, (2012) has mentioned that after the year of 2011 there is a noticeable increase in the rise in the economy of the world. That had impacted greatly on the increase of financial condition of the health care organization. The changes occurred: The changes occurred due to the changes in the global economy and that effect the health industry too. The changes that occurred to the health care industries are the increase in the health spending by the people. Increase in employment also increases the policies for health care insurances (Karanikolos et al, 2013). The people who are insured had a financial defensive effect in defensive people as of the full price of care for their health. Customers can perceive health care as a necessity that is different from other economic supplies. The companies cannot make instant changes in the benefits of the health care. The health care organizations were very much deliberate in their decision regarding whether to increase or pact services and wealth expenditures. As stated by Kondilis et al. (2013). The legislated vary in expenditure beneath Medicaid with Medicare might require an extensive process of discuss before any considerable alterations are completed. In detail, as joblessness incr eases and incomes go down, Medicaid expenses have a tendency to rise up as much people turn into qualified for the plan, while affirms in reaction may respond by cutting the eligibility or expenditures to the suppliers (Schneider et al. 2015). From an analysis it has been noticed that the decrease in health expenditures growth in the years what was occurrence more generally in the financial system. The slowdown in the financial management was may be due to the slowdown in the health spending by the people. The emerging changes: There was an increase in the financial condition of the health care organizations since the recession age of 2007 to 2012. As the financial condition recovering slowly the health spending is also at a rise. Although growth taxes are improbable to go back to the two digit levels that were in the past years (Frayss, 2015). The increase in the future healths spending also depend on whether the extra health expenses stay at the comparatively self-effacing level of current years or return to the past standard. It has been shown from the past that earlier hard work to control the costs of the health care had only ashort time effect, and there were initial signs that the recessions or slowdown (self-determining of the belongings of the financial state) is beginning to wane (Hall, 2015). Changes in the affordable care act can also affect financial condition of the health care industry. Rise in treatment will encourage a unassuming, one-time bang of a pair percent in expenditure as public who are earlier were not insured acquire insurance and improved entrance to health care services. As mentioned by Schaumburg, 2013, this was proved to match through a predictable financial recovery, so an increased rate of growth in health expenditure because of facilitate recovery must not be accredited to the affordable care act just because of the concurrent timing. Positive changes for long term economic growth, why and why not: Yes the rise in the economy has always a positive effect on the long term financial management of the health care organizations as stated by Fairlie, 2013. Since the increase in the economy may increase the rate of employment and financial condition of people. So there is a better chance of rice in economy of the hospitals and health care organizations. The rise in global economy will develop new organizations and firms. The employers may opt for some medical policies for the employees so there is a chance of growth in the financial condition of the health care organizations. As per Fox, (2013) there is also a chance of fall in to the recession that can fall the global economy. This may also decrease the health spending of the employees and the public which could lead to the decrease in the financial condition of the hospitals. These changes are may be increase the increase the financial level of the hospitals but there is not any long term improvement in the financial management of the health care organizations. As per the perception from the policy considerate example of health expenditure in the past is first and foremost of importance as a conduct for that occur in the near future. References list: Fairlie, R. (2013). Entrepreneurship, Economic Conditions, and the Great Recession. Journal Of Economics Management Strategy, 22(2), 207-231. doi:10.1111/jems.12017 Fox, D. (2013). Health inequality and governance in Scotland since 2007. Public Health, 127(6), 503-513. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.019 Frayss, O. (2015). La grande rcession amricaine de 2007, les retraites et le rve amricain. Ideas, (5). doi:10.4000/ideas.947 Hall, S. (2015). Everyday family experiences of the financial crisis: getting by in the recent economic recession. Journal Of Economic Geography. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbv007 Jagannathan, R., Kapoor, M., Schaumburg, E. (2013). Causes of the great recession of 20072009: The financial crisis was the symptom not the disease!. Journal Of Financial Intermediation, 22(1), 4-29. doi:10.1016/j.jfi.2012.06.002 Karanikolos, M., Mladovsky, P., Cylus, J., Thomson, S., Basu, S., Stuckler, D. et al. (2013). Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. The Lancet, 381(9874), 1323-1331. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60102-6 Kondilis, E., Giannakopoulos, S., Gavana, M., Ierodiakonou, I., Waitzkin, H., Benos, A. (2013). Economic Crisis, Restrictive Policies, and the Populations Health and Health Care: The Greek Case. Am J Public Health, 103(6), 973-979. doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301126 Krueger, A., Kuziemko, I. (2013). The demand for health insurance among uninsured Americans: Results of a survey experiment and implications for policy. Journal Of Health Economics, 32(5), 780-793. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.09.005 NPR.org,. (2007). The 2007 Economy in Review. Retrieved 13 September 2015, from https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17716248 Roehrig, C., Turner, A., Hughes-Cromwick, P., Miller, G. (2012). When the Cost Curve Bent Pre-Recession Moderation in Health Care Spending. New England Journal Of Medicine, 367(7), 590-593. doi:10.1056/nejmp1205958 Schneider, W., Waldfogel, J., Brooks-Gunn, J. (2015). The Great Recession and Behavior Problems in 9-Year Old Children. Developmental Psychology. doi:10.1037/dev0000038 Sheel, A. (2008). U.S. Recession and Its Impact on the U.S. Tourism, Hotel, and Restaurant Business: A Brief Review. The Journal Of Hospitality Financial Management, 16(2), Vii-Viii. doi:10.1080/10913211.2008.10653858 Shortt, J. (2014). A Historical Perspective of the Effect of the Great Recession on Hospitals. AORN Journal, 100(2), 177-187. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2013.10.026 Tuffs, A. (2007). German hospitals demand extra cash to alleviate financial problems. BMJ, 335(7624), 794-794. doi:10.1136/bmj.39367.502269.db Ufuoma John, E. (2013). The Impacts of User Fees on Health Services in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Ctirical Analysis of the Evidence. AJPHR, 1(8), 196-202. doi:10.12691/ajphr-1-8-1 Vithessonthi, C., Tongurai, J. (2015). The effect of firm size on the leverageperformance relationship during the financial crisis of 20072009. Journal Of Multinational Financial Management, 29, 1-29. doi:10.1016/j.mulfin.2014.11.001 Warren, T. (2015). Work-time underemployment and financial hardship: class inequalities and recession in the UK. Work, Employment Society, 29(2), 191-212. doi:10.1177/0950017014559264

Rough Draft of You Final Paper free essay sample

School: fashion show or uniformed conduct? The day is off to its start. Children are going wild about how they look, contemplating what valuable possession to bring and what they will wear. This is reason for schools to implement a policy on school uniforms. Statistics show that students who wear uniforms make better grades, the male students are not as distracted by what the female students are (or are not) wearing. With schools of today students become bullied, singled out, shunned, or even experience violent acts.Schools choose to endorse uniforms because such is necessary in larger schools to limit violence over clothing and theft over possessions. Although some students would attest to the implementation of school uniforms because it restrains a person’s freedom of expression and removes diversity; Contrary to these thoughts the use of school uniforms has been proven to lower hostility in schools. It is also said that school uniforms increase esprit de corps (pride in school). We will write a custom essay sample on Rough Draft of You Final Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, whereas some students feel as though he or she, are derived of freedom by enforcing uniforms, a school is not to be viewed as a fashion show.As a student they are in school to become educated and learn new materials and information not focusing on fashion. If a student cares less about what others think and become focused more on learning he or she would be much more productive. School uniforms symbolize substantial changes to how students behave with reduced tardiness, skipped classes, suspensions, and discipline referrals. This is quite similar to working in the military where one must be sharp in uniform and have a code of ethics, values, and morale. School uniforms also assist in saving time and money, where there is no longer a need to have several articles of clothing and one does not have to rush to make it to school on time. The use of school uniforms eliminates any embarrassing fashion foe paws for children who most clearly have no taste on how to dress. School uniforms promote safety, say if someone were to walk into a school without proper attire he or she would be questioned or authorities would be contacted to remove person from premises.In some smaller schools it may not be beneficial to require school uniforms as it may take away from funding required for teachers or other educational purposes. A schools uniforms help maintain school discipline, decreasing the amount of discipline problems. The argument is that children today are lacking in self-discipline because parents refuse to discipline them. This makes it more difficult on the teacher who has to deal with classes of 25-30 students at a time. If students are not conditioned to a certain set of standards they will not feel as though they are bound to progress.It is imperative that a student learn from his or her mistakes so that such reoccurrences will be prevented from what will be. If it were not for school uniforms and student ids in schools today security would be a major concern toward student safety. Not only do school uniforms provide safety but also cuts costs as well. If a student had to buy several outfits to have clothes for school he or she would be far better of having a uniform that would be a one-time cost. Moreover, school uniforms have many benefits that aid students and faculty alike. At the end of the day school is primarily a place of learning.

Night Elie Wiesel essays

Night Elie Wiesel essays Elie Wiesel is basically the only main character. The book never really says his age, but I would guess he was about 16 or 17. He changes tremendously throughout the book. At first he is strong and has tons of faith in God. But as the story goes on, he loses most of his faith, and really doesnt care about anyone but himself. This book was about what the Holocaust did. People all over the world were devastated by this horrible occurrence. One example of the heinous acts of the Germans that stands out occurs at the end of the war, when Elie and the rest of the camp of Buna is being forced to transfer to Gleiwitz. This is a long, and tiring journey for all who are involved. The weather is painfully cold, and snow fell heavily; the distance is greater than most people today will even dream of walking. The huge mass of people is often forced to run, and if one collapses, is injured, or simply can no longer bear the pain, they are shot or trampled on without pity. An image that secures itself in Elie's memory is that of Rabbi Eliahou's son's leaving the Rabbi for dead. The father and son are running together when the father begins to grow tired. As the Rabbi falls farther and farther behind his son runs on, pretending not to see what is happening to his father. This causes Elie to think of what he woul! d do if his father ever became as weak as the Rabbi. He decided that he would never leave his father, even if staying with him would be mean death. There were many climaxes in this story, but I will only name a few. Elie's faith in God, is strong at the onset of the novel, but grows weaker as it goes on. When Elie's father politely asks the SS Officer where the laboratories are, the officer did not reply but instead he delivered a blow to his head and sent him to the floor. Elie watches the entire thing but doesn't even blink. He realizes that nothing can save him from the ph ...

Choose from the list Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Choose from the list - Research Paper Example This paper is focused in arguing the factors that could see India as a potential global superpower. India has been perceived to have the potential of becoming a global super power owning to the fact that it has exhibited a rapid economic growth especially in the industrial sector; which is considered to be the main inductor of the course to global superiority. Nevertheless, this has also been marked with contrary views as analysts look in the situation. As far as many of them support that India can in the near future surpass China and even become the next global Superpower, many of the others are opposed to this observation. This paper will therefore look into both the issues and the ongoing discussion as regards to the potentiality and limits of India becoming the next global Superpower. This paper will also look at the challenges that India is facing that would hinder her from achieving its 21st century goal of becoming the superpower (Mahtaney Pg 104). Introduction Asian countries have shown great potential of becoming superpowers of the 21st century with India proving to be potentially a strong contender in this race. The question that remains however is that will this really happen or is it just a mere speculation that is beyond the reality scopes. For this to happen, it depends deeply in the wisdom, vision and purpose of the Indian leadership. So far, the Indian citizenry have high hopes and are having crossed fingers waiting for this to come to pass. This course can totally fail if India leadership becomes preoccupied with greed for power gaining and simply leading to rhetoric vote fetching at the cost of furthering the course of India’s march to success and prosperity and gaining the status of a global economic superpower. The economic giants of today were worse of at the turn of the 20th century when compared to where India is today (Bhandare Pg 66). But India is not subjected to the same road that the economics giants of today travelled since t here are no similar technological, political, engineering and scientific challenges that existed then. Therefore, with the improvements of these aspects in the contemporary world of today, India is likely to move faster on its road to economic development as compared to the economic superpowers of today. It won’t have to take India six centuries or so in order to attain its state of superpower unless it’s stupid enough to abandon the current industrial status and go back to the past of reinventing the ancient wheels all over again. The United States intelligence has speculated that India would most probably become an economic giant and a superpower by the year 2030 if China slows down (Jaffrelot & Cynthia Pg 107). Why India Can be a Global Power India has a great human resource with nearly 1.1 billion people making it the second most populous country in the world after China. It has a vast are of land huge enough to cater for its population with a lot of natural resour ces that serves its vast population (Lak Pg 53). The Indian economy has had a steady growth of 6% over the last decade and a fabulous 8% economic growth over the last 3 years. India is therefore among the fastest growing economies in the world and currently, it boasts a fast emerging middle class and growing Gross Domestic Products, improving

Visual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Visual analysis - Essay Example The first artwork that will be analyzed is the artwork presented by Emily Dunlap. Emily Dunlap created this impressive piece of artwork using several materials. This piece of artwork dated 2012 bears the title â€Å"Until you come back†. Some of the materials used to create this piece include an oil bar, cotton thread and canvas. The end product of the artwork was a portrayal of sunflowers, a terra cotta pot, a watering can and Miracle Gro. This artwork measures 6 inches by 9 inches. The texture of these artworks seems rather rough from the use of canvas and cotton thread. The bright illustration and amusing presentation of this artwork creates an appealing visual depiction of art (Leeuwen and Jewitt 129). This drawing also incorporates an interest in exploring the human perceptions of the environment through portraying real art. In fact, this piece of artwork by Dunlap can be depicted like a mirror that viewers can use to identify a creative expression of the landscape. The brief detail in the artwork easily captures the view of individuals. â€Å"Until you come back† is composed of a portrayal of sunflowers that unify the composition of the artwork. This artwork can be compared to the collections by Solomon "Sol" LeWitt who was a renowned American artist. LeWitt had significantly specialized in painting, photography, drawing and print making (Leeuwen and Jewitt 200). The simplicity in the drawings from these artists is quite evident. Their artworks can be defined as playful, random and curvilinear. This is because LeWitt used graphite and crayon in several scribble artworks. In the same case, Dunlap experimented on a contemporary technique in fine art that involved the use of cotton thread in the artwork â€Å"Until you come back†. This asserts that both artists have something in common in the field of art. In this part, I picked the Cairn Copy artwork presented by Daina

Racial Profiling

Racial Profiling Racial Profiling Abstract This manuscript will take an in-depth look at racial profiling. Many studies have been conducted on this type of practice and a few of these studies will be observed. Concerns for racial profiling such as racial tax, impacts on minorities, and police citizen partnerships will also be addressed and how it affects the individual, criminal justice field and the community. Some sanctions will also be discussed to find ways on how to combat this practice. Finally the cases of Atwater v. City of Lago Vista and Terry v. Ohio will be compared. Racial Profiling The debate involving racial profiling is been around for many years. There have been many studies of about this issue over the past 20 years. Some researchers believe that racial profiling does not have a place in the criminal justice system. Although others disagree with this claim and believe that it does have a place in the criminal justice field and does stop crime. This manuscript will take an in-depth look at the constitutional issues, correctional initiatives, and compare two cases dealing with racial profiling. Literature Review Higgins, Gabbidon and Vito (2009) conduct a study focusing on the public opinion on racial profiling during traffic stops. They collected data from Gallup there runs a poll every few years on the perception of whites and minorities on several issues. The sample size was 2,000 randomly selected Americans of many different races and ethnic backgrounds. Dependent variables were tested by using two different questions that include the following: â€Å"is it ever justifiable for police use racial or ethnic profiling, and if they felt that racial profiling was widespread when motorists are stop on roads and highways† (Higgins, Gabbidon, and Vito, 2009). The independent variables were tested by finding out what the relationship between each race was. The demographics for the study found that 47% of the survey respondents were male with an average income of $50,000 to $75,000. The sample also showed that 37% were black and 22% Hispanic (Higgins, Gabbidon, and Vito 2009). The results o f this study showed that there were mixed results when dealing with race relations and safety concerns. The researchers show that race relations had an influence on racial profiling, while safety did not. A study conducted by Parker, McDonald, Alpert, Smith, and Piquero (2004) focuses on the contextualized examination of racial profiling. This study basically looks at multiple studies conducted by many other researchers on the topic of racial profile. The authors conclude that community level characteristics and their relationship to racial profiling are unknown. They also argue that the clarity and meaning of racial profiling is lacking (Parker et al., 2004). The study also shows that more analysis should be done to see the relationship between police discretion and racial profiling. Kim (2004) examines how religious individuals feel towards racial profiling. The researcher collected data from the ABC News/The Washington Post Afghanistan Attack Poll #2. The sample size consisted of 1,009 adult participants ranging from the ages of 18 and older and living in the United States (Kim, 2004). In a survey that was conducted the participants were asked their religious identification, their race, and feelings about racial profiling. The researcher found that religious Americans are more likely to support the racial profiling of Muslims or people Arab descent. The author believes that this is true because of the public safety because of the events that occurred on September 11, 2001. Ramirez, Hoopes, and Quinlan (2003) also look at racial profiling in this definition after the events that occurred on September 11, 2001. They first take a look at the case of Wilkins v. Maryland State Police. This case was brought up by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) about statistics of stops done on Maryland Turnpike. It showed a big contrast in the amount driver searched by the Maryland State police because a study showed that 79.2% were African-American (Ramirez, Hoopes, and Quinlan, 2003). The authors then look at different definitions for the phrase racial profiling of pre-September 11 and post-September 11 and believe that they are not easily understood. They believe that a more distinct definition should be developed for law enforcement officials to use. Oliver (2003) discusses constitutional concerns when dealing with the topic of racial profiling. The author takes a look at Fourth Amendment and how it affects racial profiling. This article takes an in-depth look at Atwater v. City of Lago Vista. The case was brought forth because Gail Atwater felt that she was illegally stopped by police because of a race. This case made its way to the United States Supreme Court and the justices found the officers actions did not violate the Constitution. The majority of five justices said that it did not violate the Fourth Amendment because a warrantless arrest is legal for minor criminal offenses (Oliver, 2003). The author believes that this case reshaped the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution. In an article written by Simmons (2011) racial profiling is examined for some definitive solutions. The author discusses some of the harms that racial profiling has on the victims. The researcher believes that racial profiling imposes a racial tax on individuals and groups that are subject to this practice (Simmons, 2011). Other harms that the author discusses are the impacts on monitory communities, and impacts on police citizen partnerships (Simmons, 2011). The author also discusses how there have been some push for legislation to help stop racial profiling, but the legislation failed to pass. The researcher believes the more studies need to be performed to help resolve the issue of racial profiling. Smith and Alpert (2002) discuss how the use of social sciences can help the court system resolve the issues of racial profiling. The authors also discuss some of constitutional constraints when dealing with racial profiling in the legal system. The researchers state â€Å"That most stops done by law enforcement officers based solely on race are generally found unconstitutional in the courts† (Smith and Alpert, 2002). The authors also discuss some legal remedies racial profiling. They claim that this type of practice done by law enforcement officers is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. Smith and Alpert (2002) also discuss how the fourth amendment is rarely applicable in cases dealing with racial profiling because of the Supreme Courts decision of Whren v. United States. They conclude by stating the most court cases that deal with racial profiling ultimately fail because the plaintiffs do not have enough solid research. Durlauf (2006) wrote an article discussing some of the problems of racial profiling in traffic stops. The author shows that there been no benefits identified for the use of racial profile. He believes that the harm to the individuals is greater than the benefits for the use of this practice. He concludes by stating that he rejects any form profiling in traffic stops as a public policy (Durlauf, 2006). In a study conducted by Glaser (2006) the author says is difficult to test the effects of racial profiling because the data is difficult to secure. The researcher during his study simulates racial profiling to see how it affects two different groups. In his first scenario the two groups had the same incarceration rate of 10%. In this scenario no profiling is done in the results come out say the same for both groups. In the next scenario the researcher changes criminality rate for one group to 25% and lowers the second group to only 6.25% (Glaser, 2006). The researcher shows when this occurs and profiling is put into the equation that the group with a higher criminality rate is five times more likely to be incarcerated than the other group. Risse and Zeckhauser (2004) published an article looking at the moral aspect of racial profiling and how to eliminate from ones thoughts of the subject. The authors give a brief history and some conflicting definitions of the phrase racial profiling. They believe that some of the definitions that other researchers use can be confusing and hard to understand. Risse and Zeckhauser (2004) shows it is hard to prove racial profiling because law enforcement use the defense of suspicious activity not solely stopping somebody because of the race. The researchers believe that racial profiling can be used in some cases for the better public safety. The authors conclude that they do know that racial profiling does hurt the African American community, but also believe that it does lower crime rates. Discussion Constitution and Law The topic of racial profiling has constitutional and criminal law issues need to be addressed. Oliver (2003) identifies the major constitutional issues the Fourth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment. The fourth amendment can be summarized as illegal search and seizure. In the case of Atwater v. City of Lago Vista the Supreme Court role that the police officers stop on this Atwater did not violate the fourth amendment because for minor criminal offenses a warrantless arrest is permitted (Oliver, 2003). The 14th amendment is known as the Equal Protection Clause and was developed for the protection of individuals no matter what their race or ethnic background was. This is been an issue because the 14th amendment has not been very adequate to help the victims of racial profiling. The reason for this is because racial profiling is very hard to prove. Another issue when dealing with racial profiling is many plaintiffs lose cases dealing with racial profiling because they have not gather ed enough solid research (Smith and Alpert, 2002). Concerns Many concerns can arise when dealing with racial profiling because they can affect many people. Simmons (2011) discusses three of these concerns and they are as follows: imposes a racial tax, impacts minority communities, and impacts police citizen partnerships. When dealing with racial profiling the so-called â€Å"racial tax† many people in the community can suffer psychological and emotional harms. This can be devastating to the individual because they can make them feel unwanted in the community. The community also suffers because word can spread the police officers are profiling a certain race and then trust the criminal justice field falls. The concern that racial profiling has impacts on minority communities can be justified for some of the same reasons stated above. This is also concerned because the practice of racial profiling may lead to higher incarceration rates among the community (Simmons, 2011). This can be harmful to the criminal justice field for some of the same reasons stated above and can have an impact on correctional facilities because it may cause more overcrowding. Racial profiling impacts police citizen partnerships because the trust of the police falls to the individual and the community as a whole. Another concern the may arise with the topic of racial profiling can be the issue of airport security. The impact of not using racial profiling on certain races can have a huge impact on the communities at large. This author believes that racial profiling is wrong in most cases but when it comes to protecting large groups of people should be used. If an individual board the plane with a bomb and was not racial profile this could have an impact on the criminal justice system as well. The country as a whole may feel that the criminal justice system do not do their job properly in stopping such an attack. One more concern could be the racial profiling of the teacher at a University. This can impact the victim because it makes them feel not welcomed at the institution because of the race and ethnic background. If students do not trust the teacher just because of their race, this can have an impact on the school community because lawsuits may arise. These lawsuits in turn will have an impact on the criminal justice field is a may tie up the courts. Initiatives Some initiative should be put into place to stop the practice of racial profiling. Most of the public believes the racial profiling should not be used in any shape or form. In order to combat this some sort of punishments may need to be put in place to stop profiling. One way to combat this practice could be to impose community service on individuals who commit racial profiling. This would not be a hard punishment to impose because it could help the community as a whole. Some logistical issues would be to find the appropriate project for the individual to work on. This project could be in the minority community that the individual committed racial profiling against. A second initiative to help stop the practice of racial profiling is to impose fines. This would be easy to apply once the law was set into place. One of the issues that may occur though, is setting the correct amount of money they should be fined against the individual who committed racial profiling. A third and final initiative could be shaming. This may be harder to implement because it is not well-known to the community. One of the logistical issues that may arise is getting adults to cooperate with the initiative. Most adults are not going to stand on the side of the road holding a sign that says â€Å"Im a racial profiler†. These types’ individuals would rather pay the fine first. Another issue is to find the appropriate place to hold shaming, such as a community square or popular mall. This author believes that if shaming should occur in the community that the individual committed racial profiling. Cases There are many cases that involve racial profiling, but Atwater v. City of Largo Vista is one that has been studied many times. Gail Atwater was driving a pickup truck and was pulled over due to what the officer said was a seatbelt violation (Oliver, 2003). This is brought forth to the Supreme Court as a racial profiling case because a few weeks before the same officer pulled over Gail Atwater for the same violation. The issue was that all the passengers were belted in properly. Although the seatbelt violation on how to find $50, the Atwater family felt that they were racially profiled. The Supreme Court later ruled that the case did not involve racial profiling because warrantless arrests are permitted and minor offenses (Oliver, 2003). In a similar case of Terry v. Ohio police officer stopped three men that he thought and committed the crime just moments before. When the officer asked what their name was, they just kind of mumbled. The officer then proceeded to search the men and found a weapon on one of them in an inside pocket. Two the men were charged with carrying a concealed weapon and taken to the police station. The defense for the two men one of the charges dropped because of illegal search and seizure. This case made to the Supreme Court and later developed a Terry stop. This was the case that did not involve racial profiling but involved reasonable suspicion. The outcomes of these two trials did affect individuals because in one case someone was fined, and in the other they were put in jail. Conclusion As discussed throughout this manuscript there are many problems and concerns that arise when dealing with racial profiling. This type of practice is still used very hard to prove. The concerns that were mentioned previously are one of the reasons that racial profiling should be stopped. This author believes that more research needs to be done in order to find the right way to combat this practice. References Durlauf, S., (2006). Assessing racial profiling. The Economic Journal. 116. Glaser, J., (2006). The efficacy and effect of racial profiling: a mathematical simulation approach. Journal of Policy Analysis Management. 5(2), 395-416. Higgins, G., Gabbidon, S., Vito, G., (2009). Exploring the influence of race relations in public safety concerns on public support for racial profiling during traffic stops. International Journal of Police Science Management. 12(1). 12-22. Kim, P., (2004). Conditional morality? The American Behavioral Scientist. 47(7), 879-895. Oliver, S., (2003). The role profiling American society: racial profiling: Atwater v. City of Largo Vista: the disappearing fourth amendment and its impacts on racial profiling. Journal of Law and Social Challenges. 5(1). Parker, K., Macdonald, J., Alpert, G., Smith, M., Piquero, A., (2004). A contextual study of racial profiling. The American Behavioral Scientist. 47(7), 943-962. Ramirez, D., Hoopes, J., Quinlan, t., (2003). Define racial profiling in a post September 11 world. The American Civil Law Review. 40(3), 1195-1233 Risse, M., Zeckhauser, R., (2004). Racial profling. Philosophy and Public Affairs. 32(2), 131- 170. Smith, M., Alpert G., (2002). Searching for direction: courts, social science, in the adjudication of racial profiling claims. Justice Quarterly. 19(4). 673-703 Simmons, K., (2011). Beginning to end racial profiling: definitive solutions to an elusive problem. Washiington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justive. 18(25).

Pitbulls Essay -- essays research papers

Picture this for a second. You come home both mentally and physically exhausted after a strenuous day at school. All you want to do is watch TV and relax with your best friend. As you begin up the concrete cracked driveway, these thoughts linger in your mind. You push the key into the door handle but you notice something is wrong. There is no barking, no tail wagging, no sign of your best friend at the gate. All that is left is a notice on the front door explaining that your dog has been destroyed by the RSCPA. This is the outcome that many Queenslanders are facing for owning an American Pitbull Terrier. But it is not only APBT owners that are suffering from this ordeal, but owners that have dogs that even slightly resemble the APBT will be destroyed. This will soon become the case in Victoria if no one tries to save the name and true reputation of the APBT. I would appreciate if you forgot all the hysterics the media has put forward over time on this breed and listen to how it is not his fault if he escapes, is tort to attack or is put into the ring to fight to the death. The APBT does not deserve this reputation, this reputation has evolved from mans misdemeanors. Renewed calls for the eradication of the APBT were prompted by yet another seemingly endless dog attack. Yet when the public learn that these attacks are easily preventable and in almost every case, it is the owner’s irresponsible ownership which allows the gate open for these attacks to occur? The vicious kil...

How the Characters React Towards the Shooting of Candy’s Og Essay

The way the characters react towards the shooting of Candy’s dog reveals a lot abut the characters that we might not have expected. Carlson offers to shoot the old dog, complaining many times of the smell. The shooting of Candy’s dog shows the callousness of Carlson and the reality of old age and infirmity. Carlson typifies the men George describes as â€Å"the loneliest guys in the world†. He is outwardly friendly, but essentially selfish. He finds the smell of an old dog offensive so the dog must be shot. He shows very little regard to the dog’s owner, Candy. He relentlessly pursues the dog’s death, more for his own comfort than to put the dog out of its misery. However, Steinbeck does show some sympathy in Carlson, when he suggests â€Å"he won’t even feel it†, referring to Candy’s dogs death. This is contrasted to Candy’s procrastination to put this event off when he says â€Å"maybe tomorra, Le’s wait till to morra† Steinbeck displays that Candy is trying to delay the put down of his dog and his reluctance to end his dogs life shows how much he loves the animal. â€Å"Carlson had refused to be drawn in† this suggest that Carlson is determined and not to be put off. When Carlson brutally keeps after candy, candy’s reaction is described in the adverbs Steinbeck has used: â€Å"uneasily,† â€Å"hopefully,† â€Å"hopelessly,† and the way candy reacts: â€Å"Candy looked for help from face to face.† When he reaches out to Slim for help, even Slim says it would be better to put the dog down. Slim is portrayed as serene and a good listener/observer in this novel, and when Steinbeck suggests â€Å"the skinner had been studying the old dog with his calm eyes† – referring to Slim, it suggests that he had been very thoughtful about the whole incident and even showed his understanding and considerateness when he reminded Carlson to take a shovel, so Candy will be spared the glimpse of the corpse. â€Å"I wisht somebody’d shoot me if I get an’ a cripple† are the words Slim uses that Candy later echoes when he considers his own future. This perceptibly puts Candy in deep thought, it shows Candy’s realisation of his own mortality when Slim states this. The dog, in this case tells us something of the owner. When Steinbeck shows the dog nearing the end of its days it could show that candy was too. Also Steinbeck employs irony by saying that he wanted someone to ‘shoot’ him when he got ‘old’ and ‘crippled’ which he almost is. Slim also reassures Candy when he says â€Å"you can have a pup if you want to†. When Candy finally gives in and allows Carlson to shoot his dog, it shows the reader that candy wants to be over and done with and wants his dog a swift and painless death. There is some empathy shown when Carlson says â€Å"come on boy† to soften the blow for the dog and more so Candy. Once Carlson has taken the dog to shoot, Steinbeck builds the tension within the characters just before the dog is killed. â€Å"George followed to the door and shut the door† – this proposes George’s kind nature and sympathy towards Candy and his dog- this could be one reason as to why George did not give an opinion on whether Candy’s dog should be shot. When George offers â€Å"anybody like to play a little euchre† it is evidently shown that George is trying to change the topic and he doesn’t want to worry Candy about the dog, this makes the reader see George taking people’s emotions into account before his own, we also saw this earlier in the book when George stands up for Lennie. We see this again when George â€Å"ripple the edge of the deck nervously† this shows that he is also concerned about the whole situation. It is evident that whit also showed concern indirectly when he says â€Å"what the hell is taking him so long†. When Steinbeck repeats â€Å"a minute passed, and another minute† he purposely extends the sentence which is a reflection as it prolongs the moment. And then when Steinbeck says â€Å"the silence came into the room. And the silence lasted.† Steinbeck employs short length sentences which make the moment seem longer and intensify the significance of that specific time. After â€Å"the shot sound in the distance† we are told that Candy â€Å"slowly rolled over and faced the wall and lay silent†, this reaction suggests that candy tried to bravely take in what just happened by turning his back to it and attempting to keep unruffled. The use of short sentence shows us that initially after the shot, there were no comments by anyone which implied that it left them in shock and the realisation of what just happened was slowly sinking in everyone’s head. Steinbeck’s employment of repetition of conjunctions with ‘and’ lengthens the sentence at the end, expanding the climax of the scene, as the audience wants to know what happened to Candy, after his most beloved companion has gone. Carlson even cleans his gun in front of Candy after the deed is done, this reinforces his brutal character. While it may be true that killing the dog put it out of its misery, little concern is shown for Candy’s feelings after a lifetime of caring for the dog. Now Candy is like the rest of them — alone.

Introduction To The Central Bank Of Malaysia Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4635 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Central Bank of Malaya Ordinance 1958 (CBO) established the Central Bank of Malaysia. At the same time, BNM is known as the central bank of Malaya. In September of 1963, the name was officially changed to Central bank of Malaysia. The purpose of Central Bank was set up to fulfill the need for the management of the countrys money value and credit situation such as government foreign loans. Bank Negara Malaysia is vested with the legal powers under various Acts and Ordinances to regulate and supervise in development of the financial industry. Hence, central bank plays very important roles in financial system of each country. The introduction of BAFIA which is administered by BNM is used to regulate and supervise the operations of the members in the financial systems such as commercial bank, financial companies, merchant/investment bank and discount houses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction To The Central Bank Of Malaysia Finance Essay" essay for you Create order There are 5 main missions of the Bank Negara Malaysia to regulate and supervise the development of the financial industry in Malaysia in order to achieve sustained economic growth for the benefit of the nation. I) BNM will promote a work culture which emphasize the highest standards of professionalism, spiritual, teamwork, innovation, ethical to conduct the qualitative and quantitative working result. II) The developing and maintaining a committed workforce which is highly responsibility, proactive, adoptable to the changing needs in the financial industry from year to year. III) BNM focuses on promoting the effective use of innovative technology and efficient work practices to improve the productivity, efficiency and quality work. IV) Adopting the policies and practices to enhance the competitiveness of local financial institutions toward the globalization of international competitions. V) Control the flow of the money and store the necessary financial resources and financial instruments to maintain the monetary stability effectively. All of these statements are Bank Negara Malaysia missions in order to achieve economic growth and improve our living standard through increasing of country GDP and high value of our currency. Board of Directors: Governor and Chairman Tan Sri Dato Sri Dr. Zeti Akhtar Aziz Deputy Governor Dato Zamani bin Abdul Ghani Deputy Governor Dato Mohd Razif bin Abd Kadir Deputy Governor Dato Muhammad bin Ibrahim D.P.M.S. Organisation Structure: The Governor is the Chief Executive Officer of the Bank and is assisted by three Deputy Governors and seven Assistant Governors. Most of the 37 departments/units in the Bank are organized into seven divisions, with each Assistant Governor being responsible for one. Function of Central bank: 1) To issue and keep reserves and safeguard the value of the Currency i) Bank for currency issue BNM was established in 1959 and become a full-fledged currency issuing authority in Malaysia in June 1967. At that time, BNM had the currency issuing function with the issue of the Malaysia dollar. After that, dollar and cent was replaced by ringgit and sen in 1975. The CBO 1958, which provides authority for BNM to assume the responsibility of issuing the Malaysia currency. Our currency is required minimum cover of 80.59% in gold and foreign exchange. In practice, BNM maintains external assets to cover well above 100% of its currency liability. This practice is totally reflects the Government policy to maintain the full gold and foreign exchange backing for the ringgit Malaysia in order to maintain the currency value. ii) Keep International reserves and safeguarding the value of the ringgit The national reserves are held by the BNM . The reserves of the nation are essentially accumulated from the surplus in the current account. Next is the total amount of the BNM international reserves consist of gold, foreign exchange, reserves position with the International Monetary fund. CBO is responsibility to maintain the minimum external reserves backing of 80.59% against the currency issue. As a result, the provision helps to safeguard the external value of the ringgit. 2) To function as the Governments banker and financial advisor. Normally, central bank acts as the government banker. BNM acts as the banker, fiscal agent and advisor to the government of Malaysia. BNM responsibility on public loan program, as well as raising internal and external loans for the government and managing the government public debt. Basically, government receipt such as new issue of government securities, tax, dividend payments will be managed by BNM. i) Management of the Government account. BNM accepts funds and makes payment on behalf of the government, undertakes the foreign exchange business of the government, provides the same functions as the commercial banks perform for their customers. ii) Source of funds to the Government BNM will supply temporary funds to the government to cover any deficits in the budget revenue. However, legal limitations to the amount and duration of loans that BNM made available to the government. iii) Management of the national debt BNM needs to manage the public debt and us responsible for the floatation of government loan, such as internal loan and external loan. In recent year, BNM try to reduce the external debt and minimize the risks of currency and interest exposure by getting the government to prepay and refinance some of its more expensive loans. 3) To promote the Monetary Stability and Influence Credit Situation to the Advantage of the country. BNM is responsible to make the monetary stability and control the credit situation to help achieve the nations overall economic objective with the great performance. Basically, BNM will ensure that the supply of money and volume of credits are sufficient to meet the domestic demand without any of the deficit of resources in public. Besides that, BNM regulates volume of money and credit by the commercial banks and finance companies in the market through the range of instruments including quantitative and qualitative controls. 4) To promote a sound financial structure and management of the banking system. To enhance the stability of the financial system BNM has always strive to maintain a management regime through moral aspect.BNM manages the banking system well to avoid the systematic failure occurred in order to maintain the public confidence in the banking system as well. The BNM acts as the banker to all the banks such as commercial banks, finance companies, merchant banks discount houses and Islamic bank by maintaining the special accounts for the major financial institutions, inspect them regularly and performs the function of a lender as a last resort. BNM acts as lender of last resort because licensed financial institutions can direct borrow money from the BNM when the institution is temporary short of funds. Secondly, under the BAFIA[1], any of the institutions are required to hold licenses to carry on business. The licenses are issued by the Minister of Finance on the recommendations of BNM. Thirdly, all banking institutions need to maintain two types of deposit accounts with BNM which is reserve account and current account. The main purpose of these two accounts is monetary control. The normal current account records cash transaction between banking institutions and BNM. Another clearing account is maintained by the banks for interbank settlements. History of Fiat money: A fiat money is a medium of exchange and known as the paper money. As we all know that fiat money is money that is declared to have value even if it does not. Fiat money is valued by the people that use it so there is no any production cost to the fiat money and the supply of fiat money can never be limited. Normally, the value of fiat money is always depending on the economy of each country. (History of Fiat Money) As mentioned that, fiat money no production cost and supply of a fiat money can be unlimited so that hyperinflation will be occurred if there are too much of the fiat money flow in the market and cause the purchasing power of the money is lower compare with past. As a result, issuers such as central bank should control and supervise the volume of the fiat money. The United States has prevented hyper-inflation by shifting between a fiat money and gold standard over the past 200 years. In Malaysia, the paper money we called it as ringgit Malaysia which consists of different value on each fiat money as others countries. The currency for our paper money is stable compare with foreign countries because our Central Bank manages the monetary stability well and lower down the fluctuation of currency value. Evolution of Fiat money: 910AD- China is the first country experiments with the paper money- The fiat money is nearly used around hundred years but the paper money is rejected due to the hyper-inflation as the supply of the money more than the production. 1500S- Spain becoming the richest nation in the world after collected gold from Mexico and the new world. After that, Spain spent most of their resources to extinguish pirates and then their excessive consumption cause the shortage of gold hoard. Then, they changed to financing the war with debt, finally bankrupted. 1716- John Law persuaded France to use the paper money in the market and declared all taxes necessary paid with it gain acceptance. The paper money becomes more popular than coin and cause to no limitation in printing, excessive moneymaking and planning and fraud. Overvalues in printing the excessive paper money eventually destroyed the system as well. 1791-The French Government again tries to use the paper money as country currency. However, the French Government issued out the assignata which is the interest rate for every personal own properties after they confiscated the land owned by aristocrats Some land was auctioned off in order to exchange for these new interest rate, inflation increased rapidly to 13,000% by 1795. After that, the assignate had been replaced by gold franc due to the Napoleon ended up the revolution, which set up over a century of development for France in that period of time. In the 1930s, Bank of France transform fully into the Government after the Socialists had brought the bank. They eliminated the gold backing of the currency as fast as possible and made the franc as the determinate of fiat money in France. The currency value had dropped 99% during the past 12 years. 1853- In Argentina, the development of gold standard is around 100 years. After that, the central bank of Argentina was formed in 1932; the downfall of the Argentina economy was started afterward. Then, Juan Peron involved in 1943 revolution and exhausted of reserves causing economy collapse in the year. Argentina continued on this line of paper money usage. As a result, the ranking of Argentina economy is falling from the eighth largest to deepest in the world, which it has no financial power to recover until today due to the serious impact to their country economic. 1862-The 16th President of United States Abraham Lincoln succeed to pass the Legal Tender Act and then allowing the United States Government to issue out their own paper money. The decision was supported by the government without any of promises so that a tremendous inflation occurred that caused the practice fall down rapidly out of grace until the Federal Reserve System was built up in 1913. 1923- After World War I, Weimar Republic was established in 1919 in Germany in order to lower down from its total loss result from the world war because Germany needs to take the responsibility to payback the war reparations which is huge amount. The huge amount of debt caused the country was devoid so found no other alternative but to simply print the money in large quantities to pay the reparations. The result was the absorbed most of the income from whole middle class in the society, total value of savings had been destroyed, and paying to fulfill the reparations in front of the angry society in whole Germany. The US dollar eliminates the gold standard in stages below: 1934-First of all, President Roosevelt was 26th President of the United States revalued gold from its standard price of $20.67 to $35 an ounce in an endeavor to print out more paper money in the United States market, with the expectation to increase the GDP of the United Stated current economy so that can eliminate the depression in the society. 1944- One of the steps that US try to substitute the gold by dollar is offered out the Bretton Woods Agreement. The price of gold is around $35 per ounce of dollar so that every foreign nation is available to obtain their own paper currency if they could afford either gold or US dollar because the US dollar and gold are the determinate of the world financial instrument. For the other point of view is meant that each nations volume of currency was depended on the amount of gold and US dollar. 1971- President Nixon ended up the gold trading and no more ending convertibility of dollars to gold. This scenario happened because of the US World Bank was printing excessive dollars and living standard beyond its means. As a result, most of the foreign nations which led by France discovered this benefit and began to demand payment in gold, breaking the system as US faced major outflow of gold. (J.Greene, 2004) Relationship between IMF and World Bank: As we all know that, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization function in the role of management of the global financial system. This main purpose is achieved by controlling exchange rates and balance of payments global market in the world. Besides that, IMF also provides technical assistance and financial support to member countries in times of crisis situations. For example, IMF will combine with the World Bank provide the financial support funds to the poor countries such as some of the poor Africa countries which is facing the bad economy crisis and the collapse of economy. However, the funds that loan out by IMF and World Bank are considered as the debt trap because of the high compound interest rate charge by IMF to the poor countries and cause them unable to payback their loan. In fact, the cooperation between IMF and World Bank to loan out the funds to poor countries is aimed to absorb their natural resources in that indebted countries if they are unable to cover the repayment of debt. In addition, the Fund that provided by the IMF and World Bank has the purpose of assisting the developing foreign nations in achieving economic stability and reducing poverty levels. The economic stability can led to the high GDP and rise up the living standard in each country so that the poverty will be lesser in the market level. The aim of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is established to facilitate the growth and development of the global economy, thus providing financial stability and avoid the fluctuation in the monetary market. To achieve them, the IMF aims to: i) Promote international cooperation in the monetary and financial field . ii) Help facilitate the balanced growth of international trade and thereby stimulate employment and reduce poverty as well. iii) Contribute to the stability of exchange rates. iii) Eliminate exchange restriction that obstruct international trade. iv) Provide temporary financial resources to member countries and help in stabilizing their balance of payments. Besides that, the IMF also promotes the adoption of sound economic and financial policies and monitors regional, national, and global economic developments on regular basis. 1) Solve Economic Crisis: The primary relationship between IMF and central bank is solve economic crisis and global financial crisis with the central bank. The IMF will contribute and lend funds to the low income countries such as Haiti which needs the most financial support from outside. For example, the focus of IMF involvement in the developing world and run the IMF-supported programmes in some particular countries especially in the low-income countries such as Haiti. In Haiti population is around seven million people, consider as the poorest country in the western hemisphere with the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) if approximately US$250 compared with the average of US$3320 for latin America and the Caribbean region. (Mobekk I.Spyrou, 2002). As a result, IMF decide to lend a hand to help Haiti by providing some funds to improve the GDP and economic growth. On the other hand, IMF also signs agreement with few central bank and borrowing some funds to them. The detail of the agreement is shown as below: IMF Signs ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1.95 Billion Borrowing Agreement with the Danish Central Bank Press Release No. 09/390 November 5, 2009 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Danmarks Nationalbank, the central bank of Denmark, have signed a borrowing agreement to provide the Fund with up to ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1.95  billion (about US$2.9  billion). The agreement is part of a commitment made by the European Union in March 2009 to contribute up to ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬75 billion to support the IMFs lending capacity. The European Union has since committed an additional ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬50  billion to the Funds expanded New Arrangements to Borrow. The signing of the agreement with the Danmarks Nationalbank means the Fund can now add these resources to those already available through borrowing agreements signed with other members. These agreements contribute toward an increase in Fund resources that was requested in April 2009 by G-20 leaders and International Monetary and Financial Committee in order to provide timely and effective balance of payments assistance to its members in the current crisis. From: https://www.imf.org/external/index.htm IMF Signs ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬120 Million Borrowing Agreement with the Central Bank of Malta Press Release No. 10/32 February 12, 2010 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Central Bank of Malta have signed an agreement to provide the Fund with up to ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬120 million (about US$165 million). The agreement is part of a commitment made by the European Union in March 2009 to contribute up to ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬75 billion (then equal to about US$100 billion) to support the IMFs lending capacity The European Union has since committed an additional ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬50 billion to the Funds expanded New Arrangements to Borrow. The signing of the agreement with the Central Bank of Malta means the Fund can now add these resources to those already available through agreement signed with other members. These agreements contribute toward an increase in Fund resources that was requested in April 2009 by G-20 leaders and the International Monetary and Financial Committee. in order to provide timely and effective balance of payments assistance to its members in the current crisis. From:https://www.imf.org/external/index.htm 2) Analyzing each country capital market development Basically, IMF is devoting more resources to the analysis of global financial market and their relationship with the macroeconomic policy (International Monetary Fund ). However, IMF will publish the Global Financial Stability Report twice a year in order to analyze the current analysis of development in global financial markets. Besides that, IMF working staffs also work with central bank member in each country to help them identify potential risk and then find the solution to counter the risk as well as reduce the risk. As a result, each member country can achieve the financial stability, including through the Financial Sector Assessment Program. The Financial Sector Assessment Program is jointly and run by the IMF and World Bank to warn countries to concern the risk in their financial sectors. In addition, the IMF will also offers some training programs to country officials on how to manage well in their financial system operation, monetary and exchange regimes, and capital markets. The main purpose of IMF offers the training programs is to reduce the human error in daily financial operation and improve the quality of work. Therefore, the training programs can help each country development in their financial industry due to the efficient and effective working skills contribute by the staff. Malaysia Central Bank Administered Legislation: The Central banks in Malaysia has the legal power to meet its objectives such as: -to sustain high economic growth -to maintain a high level of employment -to maintain the price stability -to ensure a reasonable balance in the countrys international payments position -to eradicate poverty -to restructure society In order to enable the bank functions well and control all financial institutions in Malaysia, the Central Bank is given with comprehensive legal powers under the various Acts and Ordinances to regulate and supervise the financial system in order to control the banks in each country to follow the rules and regulations and operate with the legal license too. These acts include as below: a) The Central Bank of Malaysia Act 1958 The Act provides for the establishment, administration, power and specifies the roles of the Central Bank. It also enumerates the powers and the duties of the Central Bank in relation to: The Central Bank of Malaysia has the right to issue out the currency in the country in order to achieve the economic growth rate and maintain the economic stability in the financial market. The maintenance of external reserves in order to safeguard the external value of the currency. It also provides banking services to state government and government owned institutions. -The authorized business of the Bank is every of the financial institutions must acquire the license that issued by the Central Bank of Malaysia before they operate their financial transactions businesses in Malaysia. If not the businesses are considered as illegal and the Central Bank of Malaysia has the power to fine the particular owner or jail him/her. -The Central Bank also has the specific powers to deal with ailing institutions because they need to provide the necessary financial support to those ailing institutions in order to protect them in the financial market place and avoid from bankruptcy. Central Bank of Malaysia also has the relationship with the Government and financial institutions in the market because Central Bank needs to control the monetary stability I the market so that the inflation or recession will not too high or too low. The Act also contains general provisions on the Banks accounts, powers to compound. b) The Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA) The main purpose of BAFIA provides the licensing and regulation of financial institutions which conduct the businesses of banking, finance, merchant banking, discount house and money- broking. Besides that, BAFIA also provides for the operating regulation of the financial institutions which is the difference types of the service that offered by the financial institution included the non-bank sources of credit and finance, such as credit card companies, building societies, factoring, leasing or purchasing companies and the growth of finance institutions. However, the Non-scheduled institutions which are related to finance may also be related to the BAFIA as the Minister of Finance may decide whether the business can operate in the financial market or reject due to the limitation of the new entry of business firms. c) The Exchange Control Act 1953 The Act is formed to restrict any activity that involved in dealing in gold and foreign currencies, transaction with the residents, issuance of securities to foreign countries, imports and exports products and settlements. Besides that, The Exchange Control Act also enhances the Controller for Foreign Exchange to require permission and agree on the precedent and to compel the provision of the Act. d) The Islamic Banking Act 1983 The main purpose of The Islamic Banking Act 1983 is contributed for the licensing and regulation of any bank that wants to deal with the Islamic banking business. The Act vested the provisions on the financial requirement and duties of an Islamic Bank, ownership, and the procedures to control and management of Islamic banks, restrictions on Islamic business, acquire the powers of supervise and control over Islamic bank and other general provisions such as penalties and fine if the bank make any mistake in managing the Islamic business in the transaction. e) The Insurance Act 1996 The Insurance Act 1996 has the provisions to deal with the licensing of insurers, insurance brokers, adjusters and reinsurers. Besides that, the act also deals with establishment of subsidiary and offices, establishment of insurance fund in the firms, give the instruction and control of failure insurers, the control on management the distribution of licensee, accounts of licensee, examination and identification the powers of the Central Bank, winding-up of the firms, shift of business of licensee. The Act also provides for issues relating to policies, insurance guarantee provident fund scheme, and enforcement powers of the Central Bank, offences and other basic provisions. f) The Takaful Act 1984 Any takaful businesses in Malaysia need to register and follow regulations in the Takaful Act 1984 and the other purposes of relating to or connected with takaful. Takaful means that mutual assistance which provides for mutual financial relieves and assistance to the participants in case of emergency whereby the participants in the Takaful must also mutually agree to contribute for that mutual financial purpose. g) Emergency Act 1979 and the Essential Regulations 1986 An Act to provide the Central Bank the provision to identify the affairs of any person it suspects or has specific reasons to believe is a deposit-taker. The act empowers the rights to the Bank to freeze the properties of the deposit-taker and other person that suspect has the relation with the deposit taker. The Act also enumerates the powers of the Managers, provisions on anteriority of payment and cost. h) The Loan Ordinance 1959 The Loan Ordinance 1959 to authorize the raising loans and issues related to purpose of the Development Fund in the market within the Federation by the Government. Moreover, the Act also enables the Central Bank act as the agent of the government and enables the raising of the loans by trend of book-entry such as the scripless. i) The Treasury Bills Act 1946 The Treasury Bills Act 1946 is one of the acts to contribute for the issue of Treasury Bills in the market Malaysia. Through the Treasury Bills Act 1946, Central Bank will act as the agent of the government in order to conduct the book-entry such as the scripless and others. j) The Government Investment Act 1983 An Act to contribute on the Minister power to receive injection of money for fixed period and to pay dividend thereon. IMF agreement: Each country government will sign an agreement with IMF which is shown as below: (i)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The operation of the International Monetary Fund should follow the agreement which is signed by IMF and Central Bank to avoid any conflicts in financial transaction because of the provisions of the agreement as originally formed and adjusted will protect each side benefits without any fraud will happen in future. (ii)    The provided fund to practice its daily operations and financial transaction should always constant in a General Department and a Special Drawing Rights Department. However, all of the members in the provided fund shall given a chance to take part in the Special Drawing Rights Department (iii)    All the transactions and operations authorized by IMF Agreement should be practiced through General Department which has responsibility of enabling the fund available in transaction and operations. Inversely, some of the operations and transactions consisting special drawing rights have the alternative to conduct through the Special Drawing Rights Department instead of General Department. History of Fiat Money. (n.d.). Retrieved July 28, 2010, from Fiat money history in US: https://www.kwaves.com/fiat.htm#top J.Greene, R. (2004, March 21). Fiat money systems. Retrieved July 24, 2010, from Fiat money systems: https://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_04/greene032104.html iKyo. (2009, June 18). Functions of central bank. Retrieved july 25, 2010, from Functions of central bank: https://ikyo.wordpress.com/tag/functions-of-central-bank/ Mobekk, E., I.Spyrou, S. (2002). Re-evaluating IMF involvement in low-income countries. the case of Haiti , 11. International Monetary Fund . (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2010, from About IMF: https://www.imf.org/external/about/whatwedo.htm IMF-International Monetary Fund Home Page. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2010, from About IMF: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/aa00.htm Fish, W. (2003, june 08). The Terrorism Of Debt. Retrieved August 17, 2010, from Information Clearing House: https://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4368.htm Perkins, J. (2004, November 9). Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. Retrieved August 7, 2010, from How the US Uses Globalization to Cheat Poor Countries Out of Trillions : https://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/11/09/1526251